May 4, 2009
Pursuant to Elections Code Section 9005, we have
reviewed the proposed statutory initiative related to the taxation of
pension income (A.G. File No. 09‑0006).
Background
The state levies a personal income tax (PIT) on
the California income of individuals who reside in the state. Tax rates
range from 1 percent to 9.3 percent, depending upon the taxpayer's
income level. An extra 1 percent tax is levied on the portion of
taxpayers' income that exceeds $1 million. In general, the state taxes
individuals based on income earned while they reside in California. The
state currently taxes most pension distributions as ordinary income.
California also levies excise taxes on specific
goods. The state, for example, currently imposes excise taxes on the
sale of tobacco products and alcohol.
Proposal
The measure would establish new taxes on pension
income beginning in 2010. Specifically, the measure would create:
-
A PIT surcharge on resident taxpayers who
receive more than $40,000 of taxable pension income.
-
An excise tax on nonresidents or people who
move out of the state whose vested pension benefits from a
California employer exceed $50,000 per year.
Surcharge on Resident Pension Income
Under the proposal, a surcharge would be added to
the existing tax liability for pension income in excess of $40,000. The
surcharge would increase as the amount of pension income increases, so
that pension income above $150,000 would receive a tax surcharge of
60 percent. For example, a couple receiving pension income of $160,000
with no other income and only the standard deduction would pay $9,637 in
regular taxes (at the 9.3 percent top rate) and a surcharge of $56,750.
Figure 1 displays the proposed surcharge schedule.
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|
|
Figure 1
Proposed Pension Income Surcharge |
|
Taxable Pension
Income |
Surcharge |
|
Under $40,000 |
— |
|
$40,000 to $50,000 |
$5,000 + 20 percent of pension income
over $40,000 |
|
$50,000 to $75,000 |
$7,000 + 35 percent of pension income
over $50,000 |
|
$75,000 to $100,000 |
$15,750 + 40 percent of pension income
over $75,000 |
|
$100,000 to 150,000 |
$25,750 + 50 percent of pension income
over $100,000 |
|
Over $150,000 |
$50,750 + 60 percent of pension income
over $150,000 |
|
|
Excise Tax on Pensions of Nonresidents and Former Residents
The proposal also imposes an excise tax on the
"fair market value" of vested pension benefits from California employers
that are received by nonresident taxpayers and by people who move out of
the state. Under the proposal, the state would levy an excise tax of
35 percent. Fair market value is defined as the amount of pension
benefits above $50,000 that the taxpayer's vested pension benefits would
provide on average over the individual's remaining life expectancy, as
determined by the state Franchise Tax Board (FTB). The taxpayer would be
permitted to pay the excise tax as a lump sum or over time.
Fiscal Effects
The initiative could result in roughly $6 billion
to $8 billion in additional General Fund revenues each year beginning in
2010. Over the long run, however, the level of new revenues likely would
decline to the extent the measure stimulated behavioral changes in wage
and pension practices. This is because, given the relatively high tax
rates proposed in the initiative, it is likely that employers and
individuals would take various steps to reduce pension-related tax
liabilities. Employers, for instance, could shift the mix of
compensation away from pensions and toward wages or other non-pension
forms of retirement benefits. Similarly, the measure could encourage
workers to leave the state as soon as the estimated value of their
vested benefits approached $50,000 per year to avoid the excise tax. As
no state has ever imposed a tax on pensions similar to the tax in this
measure, no data are available to estimate the behavioral changes that
would result from such a policy.
Potential Legal Problems of the Excise Tax.
The measure raises legal issues that could result in the excise tax
being invalidated under federal law. According to FTB, states are
prohibited from imposing an income tax on the retirement income (from an
in-state employer) of a nonresident. While the proposed excise tax is
not technically a tax on current income, the outcome is similar
(especially since this measure allows the excise tax to be paid over
time). As a result, the excise tax may not survive a legal challenge. In
that case, the annual revenue estimate would drop by $1 billion to
$3 billion.
Summary of Fiscal Effect
The measure would have the following major fiscal
effect:
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